GIS is a versatile tool that can be used for a wide range of conservation applications. Some of the most common uses of GIS in nature conservation include:
Habitat mapping and modelling: GIS can be used to create accurate maps of habitats, which can then be used to model potential impacts of land-use change, identify areas for habitat restoration and protection, and predict the distribution of species.
Species distribution modelling: GIS can be used to model the distribution of species based on environmental variables such as temperature, rainfall, and elevation. These models can help identify suitable habitats and guide conservation efforts.
Figure 8.6 – GIS can be used to model the distribution of species (Wildlife Act, n.d.).
Landscape connectivity analysis: GIS can be used to assess the connectivity of landscapes, which is critical for maintaining habitat corridors and ensuring the movement of wildlife between protected areas.
Wildlife tracking and monitoring: GIS can be used to track the movement of wildlife using GPS devices and other tracking technologies. This data can be used to inform management decisions and identify areas where conservation efforts are needed.
Resource inventory and management: GIS can be used to inventory and manage natural resources such as timber, water, and wildlife populations. This data can be used to inform conservation decisions and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
Conservation planning and prioritization: GIS can be used to identify areas of high conservation value and prioritize conservation efforts based on the level of threat and conservation need
Environmental impact assessments: GIS can be used to assess the potential impacts of development projects on natural resources and biodiversity.
Emergency response and disaster management: GIS can be used to map the extent and severity of natural disasters such as wildfires, floods, and hurricanes. This information can be used to prioritize emergency response efforts and inform post-disaster recovery efforts.
Mapping and analysis tools: GIS offers a variety of mapping and analysis tools to aid in nature conservation efforts. These tools allow conservationists to visualize and analyse data to identify patterns, trends, and relationships that may not be apparent through other means. Some commonly used mapping and analysis tools in GIS include spatial queries, proximity analysis, hotspot analysis, and interpolation.
GPS integration: GIS technology can be integrated with Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to collect data in the field, such as species distribution, habitat characteristics, and invasive species presence. GPS data can be easily incorporated into GIS to create maps and analyse spatial patterns.
Decision support systems: GIS can be used to develop decision support systems (DSS) that help conservationists make informed decisions about conservation planning and management. These systems can incorporate various data sources and analysis techniques to produce maps, reports, and other outputs that aid decision-making.
Online mapping: Web-based GIS technology has become increasingly popular in recent years, allowing conservationists to access and share spatial data and maps online. This has opened new opportunities for collaboration and data sharing among conservation organizations and stakeholders.
Examples:
- In South Africa, the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) uses GIS to identify and prioritize conservation areas for species such as the African Wild Dog and the Riverine Rabbit. The EWT collects data on species distribution, habitat characteristics, and threats, which is then analysed using GIS to identify areas that are critical for conservation efforts.
- The Cape Leopard Trust in South Africa uses GIS to monitor and manage leopard populations in the Western Cape. The organization uses GPS collars to track leopards and collect data on their movements and habitat use. This data is then analysed using GIS to identify areas of high conservation value and to inform conservation planning and management decisions.
- The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) uses GIS to map the distribution of invasive species in South Africa. This information is used to inform management strategies and control efforts to prevent the spread of invasive species and protect native species and ecosystems.
Figure 8.7 – SANBI uses GIS to inform management strategies and control efforts to prevent the spread of invasive species and protect native species and ecosystems (SANBI, 2017).
- The Peace Parks Foundation uses GIS to identify and prioritize conservation areas in transboundary parks and reserves across southern Africa. The organization collects data on species distribution, habitat characteristics, and threats, which is then analysed using GIS to identify areas that are critical for conservation efforts and to inform management decisions.
- The iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa uses GIS to monitor and manage the park’s biodiversity and ecosystems. The park collects data on species distribution, habitat characteristics, and threats, which is then analysed using GIS to inform conservation planning and management decisions.
- The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) uses GIS to monitor and manage environmental change in South Africa. The organization collects data on various environmental indicators, such as land cover, water quality, and climate, which is then analysed using GIS to identify patterns and trends in environmental change.
- The Rhino Foundation for Nature in South Africa uses GIS to track and monitor rhino populations and to combat poaching. The organization collects data on rhino movements, poaching incidents, and other relevant factors, which is then analysed using GIS to inform anti-poaching efforts and conservation planning.
- The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) uses GIS to identify and prioritize conservation areas for species such as elephants, rhinos, and lions in southern Africa. The organization collects data on species distribution, habitat characteristics, and threats, which is then analysed using GIS to identify areas that are critical for conservation efforts and to inform management decisions.
Overall, GIS technology offers a wide range of tools and applications for nature conservation efforts. From mapping and analysing spatial data to developing decision support systems and online mapping applications, GIS has become an essential tool for conservationists and other stakeholders working to protect and conserve natural resources and ecosystems.